What condition can result from excessive PEEP settings?

Excessive Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) settings can lead to significant complications in mechanical ventilation. One of the primary risks associated with high levels of PEEP is barotrauma, which occurs when increased pressure within the alveoli exceeds the surrounding interstitial pressure, leading to alveolar rupture and potential air leakage into the pleural space. This can result in pneumothorax or other forms of lung injury.

Additionally, excessive PEEP can reduce cardiac output. This happens because the increased intrathoracic pressure limits venous return to the heart, thus decreasing the preload and ultimately impacting the heart's ability to pump blood effectively. This reduction in cardiac output can compromise organ perfusion and oxygen delivery.

While other options imply beneficial outcomes like increased lung compliance, enhanced oxygen delivery, or improved airway resistance, these do not align with the known risks and physiological responses associated with excessive PEEP settings. Increased PEEP is generally intended to increase lung recruitment and improve ventilation-perfusion matching, but it needs to be utilized carefully to avoid the adverse effects that can arise from excessive application.